[Illustration: FIG. 4.--Clarinet (Boehm model, Klussmann's patent).]
The clarinet appears to have received appreciation in the Netherlands earlier than in its own native land. According to W. Altenburg (op. cit. p. 11),[33] a MS. is preserved in the cathedral at Antwerp of a mass written by A.J. Faber in 1720, which is scored for a clarinet. Johann Mattheson,[34] _Kapellmeister_ at Hamburg, mentions clarinet music in 1713, although Handel, whose rival he was, does not appear to have known the instrument. Joh. Christ. Bach scored for the clarinet in 1763 in his opera _Orione_ performed in London, and Rameau had already employed the instrument in 1751 in a theatre for his pastoral entitled _Acante et Céphise_.[35] The clarinet was formally introduced into the orchestra in Vienna in 1767,[36] Gluck having contented himself with the use of the chalumeau in _Orfeo_ (1762) and in _Alceste_ (1767).[37] The clarinet had already been adopted in military bands in France in 1755, where it very speedily completely replaced the oboe. One of Napoleon Bonaparte's bands is said to have had no less than twenty clarinets.
For further information on the clarinet at the beginning of the 19th century, consult the _Methods_ by Ivan Müller and Xavier Lefébure, and Joseph Froehlich's admirable work on the instruments of the orchestra; and Gottfried Weber's articles in Ersch and Gruber's _Encyclopaedia_. See also BASSET HORN; BASS CLARINET and PEDAL CLARINET. (K. S.)
[1] See Gottfried Weber's objection to this derivation in "Über Clarinette und Basset-horn," _Caecilia_ (Mainz, 1829), vol. xi. pp. 36 and 37, note.
[2] Nos. 3 and 4 are sometimes made in one, as for instance in Messrs Rudall, Carte & Company's modification, the Klussmann patent.
[3] Aristotle (_de Audib._ 802 b 18, and 804 a) and Porphyry (ed. Wallis, pp. 249 and 252) mention that if the performer presses the _zeuge_ (mouthpiece) or the _glottai_ (reeds) of the pipes, a sharper tone is produced.
[4] Cf. V.C. Mahillon, _Éléments d'acoustique musicale et instrumentale_ (Brussels, 1874), p. 161; and Fr. Zamminer, _Die Musik und die musikalischen Instrumente in ihrer Beziehung zu den Gesetzen der Akustik ..._ (Giessen, 1855), pp. 297 and 298.