Etheostoma is a genus of small freshwater fish in the family Percidae native to North America. Most are restricted to the United States, but species are also found in Canada and Mexico. They are commonly known as darters, although the term "darter" is shared by several other genera. Many can produce alarm pheromones that serve to warn nearby fish in case of an attack.
Species
The 157 recognized species in this genus are: Etheostoma acuticeps R. M. Bailey, 1959 (sharphead darter) Etheostoma akatulo Layman & Mayden, 2009 (bluemask darter) Etheostoma artesiae (O. P. Hay, 1881) (redspot darter) Etheostoma asprigene (S. A. Forbes, 1878) (mud darter) Etheostoma atripinne (D. S. Jordan, 1877) (Cumberland snubnose darter) Etheostoma australe D. S. Jordan, 1889 (Conchos darter) Etheostoma autumnale Mayden, 2010 (autumn darter) Etheostoma baileyi Page & Burr, 1982 (emerald darter) Etheostoma barbouri Kuehne & J. W. Small, 1971 (teardrop darter) Etheostoma barrenense Burr & Page, 1982 (splendid darter) Etheostoma basilare Page, Hardman & Near, 2003 (corrugated darter) Etheostoma bellator Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1993 (warrior darter) Etheostoma bellum Zorach, 1968 (orangefin darter) Etheostoma bison Ceas & Page, 1997 (buffalo darter) Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque, 1819 (greenside darter) Etheostoma blennius C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (blenny darter) Etheostoma boschungi Wall & J. D. Williams, 1974 (slackwater darter) Etheostoma brevirostrum Suttkus & Etnier, 1991 (holiday darter) Etheostoma brevispinum (Coker, 1926) (Carolina fantail darter) Etheostoma burri Ceas & Page, 1997 (brook darter) Etheostoma caeruleum D. H. Storer, 1845 (rainbow darter) Etheostoma camurum (Cope, 1870) (bluebreast darter) Etheostoma cervus Powers & Mayden, 2003 (Chickasaw darter) Etheostoma chermocki Boschung, Mayden & Tomelleri, 1992 (vermilion darter) Etheostoma chienense Page & Ceas, 1992 (relict darter) Etheostoma chlorobranchium Zorach, 1972 (greenfin darter) Etheostoma chlorosomum (O. P. Hay, 1881) (bluntnose darter) Etheostoma chuckwachatte Mayden & R. M. Wood, 1993 (lipstick darter) Etheostoma cinereum D. H. Storer, 1845 (ashy darter) Etheostoma clinton Mayden & Layman, 2012 (beaded darter) Etheostoma collettei Birdsong & L. W. Knapp, 1969 (creole darter) Etheostoma collis (C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (Carolina darter) Etheostoma colorosum Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1993 (coastal darter) Etheostoma coosae (Fowler, 1945) (Coosa darter) Etheostoma corona Page & Ceas, 1992 (crown darter) Etheostoma cragini C. H. Gilbert, 1885 (Arkansas darter) Etheostoma crossopterum Braasch & Mayden, 1985 (fringed darter) Etheostoma davisoni O. P. Hay, 1885 (Choctawhatchee darter) Etheostoma denoncourti Stauffer & van Snik, 1997 (golden darter) Etheostoma derivativum Page, Hardman & Near, 2003 (stone darter) Etheostoma ditrema Ramsey & Suttkus, 1965 (coldwater darter) Etheostoma douglasi R. M. Wood & Mayden, 1993 (Tuskaloosa darter) Etheostoma duryi Henshall, 1889 (black darter) Etheostoma edwini (C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (brown darter) Etheostoma erythrozonum Switzer & R. M. Wood, 2009 (Meramec saddled darter) Etheostoma etnieri Bouchard, 1977 (cherry darter) Etheostoma etowahae R. M. Wood & Mayden, 1993 (Etowah darter) Etheostoma euzonum (C. L. Hubbs & J. D. Black, 1940) (Arkansas saddled darter) Etheostoma exile (Girard, 1859) (Iowa darter) Etheostoma faulkneri Sterling & Warren, 2020 (Yoknapatawpha darter) Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque, 1819 (fantail darter) Etheostoma flavum Etnier & R. M. Bailey, 1989 (saffron darter) Etheostoma fonticola (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1886) (fountain darter) Etheostoma forbesi Page & Ceas, 1992 (barrens darter) Etheostoma fragi Distler, 1968 (strawberry darter) Etheostoma fricksium Hildebrand, 1923 (savannah darter) Etheostoma fusiforme (Girard, 1854) (swamp darter) Etheostoma gore Mayden & Layman, 2012 (Cumberland darter) Etheostoma gracile (Girard, 1859) (slough darter) Etheostoma grahami (Girard, 1859) (Rio Grande darter) Etheostoma gutselli (Hildebrand, 1932) (Tuckasegee darter) Etheostoma histrio D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1887 (harlequin darter) Etheostoma hopkinsi (Fowler, 1945) (Christmas darter) Etheostoma inscriptum (D. S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878) (turquoise darter) Etheostoma jessiae (D. S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878) (blueside darter) Etheostoma jimmycarter Mayden & Layman, 2012 (bluegrass darter) Etheostoma jordani C. H.