The flora of French Polynesia refers to the native vegetation of the Marquesas Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago, the Society Islands and the Tubuai Islands, located in Oceania. Due to its type of vegetation, French Polynesia falls within the palaeotropic floral kingdom.
The flora of these islands is relatively poor in terms of diversity of species, due to their geographical isolation. However, most of the islands are covered by tropical forest. That is because the soil of volcanic origin is very fertile, and the climate is warm and humid. Among the trees of these islands that stand out are the coconut tree, the breadfruit , the casuarina, the banana, the ceiba, the banyan, the ilang-ilang, the polynesian chestnut, the flamboyant and the Caribbean pine. Among the bushes that stand out are the tiaré flower (emblem of Tahiti), the hibiscus, the plumeria, the bougainvillea, the gardenia, the jasmine and the oleander.
Fruit picking is one of the main sources of income in the island's agricultural sector. Among the foods produced are mango, papayas, avocados, grapefruit, pineapples, oranges, coconuts, bananas and to a lesser extent taro and yam.
Biodiversity
According to the World Wildlife Fund, 42% of the 320 vascular plants of the islands are endemic. Some genera of vascular plants endemic to French Polynesia are: Pelagodoxa, Apetahia, Lebronnecia, Haroldiella, Plakothira, Pacifigeron, Metatrophis and Oparanthus.
WWF describes four ecoregions on the islands of French Polynesia: the 'wet tropical forests of the Marquesas', the 'wet tropical forest of the Society Islands', the 'humid tropical forest of the Tuamotu' and the 'tropical rainforest of the Tubuai'.
Three species of orchids (Orchidaceae) are endemic: Oberonia taitensis, Taeniophyllum elegantissimum and Bulbophyllum tahitense. Other endemic flora includes Pritchardia pericularum, Serianthes rurutensis, Macaranga raivavaeensis, Nicotiana fatuhivensis, Acalypha raivavensis, Lepinia taitensis, Erythrina tahitensis, Chamaesyce atoto, Pittosporum raivavaeense, Sophora mangarevaensis and Cyrtandra nukuhivensis.
Natural history
The islands of French Polynesia were formed between the late Miocene or early Pliocene and Pleistocene. The American botanist Edwin Bingham Copeland was one of the first scientists to study the flora of the islands. He concluded that the Indochinese peninsula (South Asia, Malaysia and Indonesia) was the origin of the vegetation in the islands of Papua, Solomon, New Zealand and finally the rest of Polynesia.
However, it was not the only point from where the flora migrated to French Polynesia. Copeland discovered that the ferns of the family Hymenophyllaceae and Rubiaceae, existing today in Polynesia, have an Antarctic origin. This is demonstrated by fossil evidence on the Chiloé Island. The contact between Polynesia and Antarctica ceased about 20 million years ago.
The most widely accepted scientific theory is that the polynesian flora (and of Oceania in general, except for the flora of Australia) comes from South Asia, since the ecological niches in both regions are occupied by related plants. In addition, going east shows a decline in biodiversity: while Malaysia has 23,500 plant species cataloged, Papua has 5,000, New Caledonia has 3,250 and French Polynesia only 1,000.
Some species such as Casuarina equisetifolia or Cocos nucifera were able to cross the ocean because their seeds could float in the water and were washed ashore to take root. Apparently, wind and birds also helped in the colonization.
Botanical research
The first European explorers on the islands were Spanish and Portuguese, however there is no record of any study of the nature of the islands. The British naturalist Joseph Banks accompanied the explorer James Cook in 1769 on his trip aboard through the South Pacific Ocean, and is considered the first European to study the Tahitian vegetation.
In 1789 there is the well-known mutiny of , a ship commanded by Major William Bligh that was destined to Tahiti to study the flora of the island, especially the bread tree. The crew of the ship, amazed by the landscapes, women and Polynesian lifestyle decided to mutiny against the commander and stay in Polynesia.
Human action
Human action has been decisive for the flora of French Polynesia. The percentage of endemic species of the islands is very small. Humans introduced numerous species, either by their uses, by being edible or by ornamentation.