J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane- en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, dl. iii. Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 3 (1886), pp. 514 _sq._; M. Joustra, “Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p. 411.
H. Ling Roth, “Low’s natives of Borneo,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1892) pp. 113 _sq._, 133, xxii. (1893) p. 24; _id._, _Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i. 401. Compare Rev. J. Perham, “Petara, or Sea Dyak Gods,” _Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 8, December 1881, p. 150; H. Ling Roth, _Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i. 180. According to Archdeacon Perham, “Every district traversed by an adulterer is believed to be accursed of the gods until the proper sacrifice has been offered.” In respectable Dyak families, when an unmarried girl is found with child and the father is unknown, they sacrifice a pig and sprinkle the doors with its blood to wash away the sin (Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_, 2nd Ed., i. 64). In Ceram a person convicted of unchastity has to expiate his guilt by smearing every house in the village with the blood of a pig and a fowl. See A. Bastian, _Indonesien_, i. (Berlin, 1884) p. 144.
A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_ (Leyden, 1904-1907), i. 367.
A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, ii. 99; _id._, _In Centraal Borneo_ (Leyden, 1900), ii. 278.
B. F. Matthes, “Over de _âdá’s_ of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Derde Reeks, II. (Amsterdam, 1885) p. 182. The similar Roman penalty for parricide (_Digest_, xlviii. 9. 9; Valerius Maximus, i. 1. 13; J. E. B. Mayor’s note on Juvenal _Sat._ viii. 214) may have been adopted for a similar reason. But in that case the scourging which preceded the drowning can hardly have been originally a part of the punishment.
A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (1900) p. 235.