Jacobite sect, 109-10; in Syria, 23, 84 James, Studite monk, 162 Jarrow, monastery, 116 Jerusalem, Church and patriarchate of, 8, 16-17, 84, 87, 100-1, 156; councils at (553), 20; (628), 101 Jews, Gregory the Great tries to convert, 69; persecuted in Spain, 77; Jews in Syria, 100; influence Muhammad, 101; Jews in Arabia, 111-12 Joannicius, S., Bulgarian recluse, 124 John I., pope, martyred, 31 John II., pope, 15 John VIII., pope, 194 John X., pope, 197 John XI., pope, 174 John XV., pope, 199 John XVI., anti-pope set up by Crescentius (997-8), 199 John of Biclaro (Joannes Biclarensis), bishop of Gerona, 62 n., 95 n., 75 John the Cappadocian, patriarch of Constantinople, 10, 90 John of Damascus (John Damascene), S., 87, 159-60 John the Deacon, biographer of Gregory the Great, 64, 182 John of Ephesus, Monophysite bishop and Syriac writer of sixth century, 24, 111 John Maro, 89 John of Nikiu, Jacobite bishop, 86, 109 John the Patrician, recaptures Carthage from the Arabs, 109 John the Scot (Johannes Scotus "Erigena"), 170-1 Julian of Halicarnassus, 86 Justin I., emperor, 10, 32, 112 Justin II., emperor, 21-2 Justinian I., emperor, 86, 89, 90, 94, 99-100, 107, 110-12, 143, 153, 177; his birthplace, 24, 67-8, 91; building, 26, 27, 100, 106; Christian legislation of, 28; controversies of his reign, 14-22; corresponds with the pope, 10, 14; deals with the Monophysites, 15; his alleged heresy, 15, 21, 22; summons Fifth General Council, 17; intervenes in Africa, 105-6; his relations with the Franks, 47; restores the imperial rule in Italy, 33; Spanish war, 74; hymn-writer, 15 n. Justinian II., 90-1 Justiniana Prima, 67, 91 Jutes in Britain, 117; of Jutland, converted, 130
Karlings, Frankish royal house, 57, 139, 144, 147, 196, 201 Kerait, Tartar kingdom of, 96-7 _Key of Truth, The_, book of the Armenian Paulicians, 80 Khalifs of Baghdad, 97, 99; Khalif Omar, 101 Khartoum, Christian remains near, 111 Khorassan, 93 Kiev, town on the Dnyepr, becomes Christian, 127 Kothransson, Thorwald, Icelander, 132 Kristián, tenth-century Bohemian historian, 128
Lateran synod (649), 88 Leander, archbishop of Seville, 63, 75-6 Learning, 5, 38, 123; survival of, 5; at the court of the Merwings, 51; classical, taught to Gregory the Great, 60; yet he opposed classical learning in bishops, 52; classical, of the Irish Church, 115; in England, 115; of the Irish monks, 121-2; of the Studite monks, 163; revival of, under Charles the Great, 154, 166-70. _See_ Aelfric, Bede, Gerbert, Education, Literature Lebanon, 84; Monothelites in, 22 Leger (Leodegar), S., 81, 146 Lent, 36, 140 Leo I., the Great, S., pope, 6, 7, 10, 29, 63, 89 Leo III., pope, 81, 152 Leo III., the Isaurian, emperor, 109, 155, 157-8 Leo IV., the Chazar, emperor, 155 Leo V., the Armenian, emperor, 165 Leo VI., the Wise, emperor, 194 Leodegar, Leodgar, (S. Leger), bishop of Autun, 81, 146 Leontius of Byzantium, 86 Leovigild, Wisigothic king in Spain, 48, 75 Lerins, abbey, 81 _Liber Pontificalis_, 39 n., 151 Liberatus, sixth-century theological writer in Africa, 106 Limoges, 150, 174 Lindisfarne, 117 Litanies, 184-6 Literature in North Africa, 106; literary renaissance under Charles the Great, 166. _See_ Boethius, Cassiodorus, Gregory the Great, Gregory of Tours, John of Damascus, Learning, Paul the Silentiary, Procopius, Venantius Fortunatus, Theodore of the Studium Liturgies, 181-90 Liudhard, Frankish bishop in Kent, 186 Lombards, 40, 147-50, 152; invade Italy, 34, 61; pope negotiates with, 62; conversion from Arianism to Catholicism, 4, 56, 63, 134 Lothar (Chlothochar) II., king of Lotharingia, 191-2 Louis I., the Pious, emperor, son of Charles I., 129 Louis II., emperor, son of the Emperor Lothar I., 192 Louis the German, king of Bavaria (840-76), son of Louis the Pious, 128 Louis d'Outremer, king of the West Franks (936-54), son of Charles the Simple, 174 Ludmilla, S., of Bohemia, 128 Luxeuil, S. Columban's monastery at, 55-6