[Footnote 14: After the second Carthaginian war free marriage, or _matrimonium sine conventione in manum mariti_, until that time regarded only as _matrimonium juris gentium_, was accepted as _matrimonium iustum_ for plebeians as well as patricians; and it rapidly became the only form observed among the Romans, except that _confarreatio_ was preserved for the _flamines_; while the _usus_, though not entirely abolished, was deprived of real significance by a _senatus consultum_ under Tiberius which abrogated the effects of _manus_ in the domain of private law: GEFFCKEN, _op. cit._, 11, 12; _ap._ TACITUS, _Annales_, IV, 16; ZHISHMAN, _Das Eherecht der orient. Kirche_, 5. On free marriage see WÄCHTER, _op. cit._, 77 ff., 95 ff.; ROSSBACH, _op. cit._, 42-62, 182 ff., 242; KARLOWA, _Die Formen der röm. Ehe_, 79 ff.; ESMEIN, _Le mariage en droit canonique_, II, 46; SOHM, _Institutes_, 263, 267, 268; UNGER, _Die Ehe_, 72 ff.]
[Footnote 15: MAINE, _Ancient Law_, 150.]
[Footnote 16: Freedom of divorce in _matrimonium sine manu_ reacted upon the _manus_ marriages to the extent that the causes of dissolution were increased in number.
"The famous divorce of Sp. Carvilius Ruga [_ca._ 520 A. U. C.] is not only the first Roman divorce in general, but also the first dissolution of a _manus_ marriage in which no fault but merely a _vitium corporis_ of the woman was assigned" as ground of action.--GEFFCKEN, _op. cit._, 12. But it is very doubtful whether this is really the first divorce among the Romans: WÄCHTER, _op. cit._, 82 ff.; COMBIER, _Du divorce_, 42 ff. The time is uncertain. According to Dionysius, the divorce occurred in 520 A. U. C.; while AULUS GELLIUS, _Noctes atticae_, IV, 3, § 2, xvii, 21, gives confusingly 519 and 523 as the date. Compare WÄCHTER, _op. cit._, 78 ff.; SAVIGNY, "Ueber die erste Ehescheidung in Rom," _Abhand. d. k. Akad. d. Wis. in Berlin_, 1814-16 (Berlin, 1818); REIN, _Privatrecht_, 450 ff.; KARLOWA, _Rechtsgeschichte_, 188; GLASSON, _Le mariage civil et le divorce_, 175; WOOLSEY, _Divorce_, 39; THWING, _The Family_, 36; POPP, _Ehescheidung_, 22; LANGERON, _Du divorce_, 17.]
[Footnote 17: CICERO, _De orat._, I, 40, 56: GEFFCKEN, _op. cit._, 12.]
[Footnote 18: By the _Lex Julia de adulteriis_ of _ca._ 18 B. C.: GEFFCKEN, _op. cit._, 15; JÖRS, _Die Ehegesetze des Augustus_, 36-39. For the best analysis of the _Lex Julia_, with an account of the preceding history, see ESMEIN, _Mélanges_, 71-169; and compare BENNECKE, _Ehebruch_, 2-6.]