CHAPTER VII. ART SMITHING AND SCROLL WORK.--141. Art Smithing; 142. Scroll Fastenings; 143. Scroll Former; 144. Bending or Twisting Fork; 145. Bending or Twisting Wrench; 146. Clip Former; 147. Clip Holder; 148. Clip Tightener or Clincher; 149. Jardinière Stand or Taboret; 150. Umbrella Stand; 151. Reading Lamp; 152. Andirons and Bar; 153. Fire Set; 154. Fire Set Separated 146
CHAPTER VIII. IRON ORE, PREPARATION AND SMELTING.--155. Iron Ore; 156. Magnetite; 157. Red hematite; 158. Limonite or brown hematite; 159. Ferrous carbonate; 160. The Value of Ores; 161. Preparation of Ores; 162. Weathering; 163. Washing; 164. Crushing; 165. Roasting or calcination; 166. Fuels; 167. Fluxes; 168. The Blast; 169. The Reduction or Blast Furnace; 170. Classification of Pig Iron; 171. Bessemer iron; 172. Basic iron; 173. Mill iron; 174. Malleable iron; 175. Charcoal iron; 176. Foundry iron; 177. Grading Iron 161
CHAPTER IX. THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.--178. Refining Pig Iron; 179. The Open-hearth or Finery Process; 180. The Puddling Process; 181. Steel; 182. The Crucible Process; 183. The Bessemer Process; 184. The Open-hearth Process 177
DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF MR. DAVID GORRIE
=1. The Forge.=—The forge is an open hearth or fireplace used by the blacksmith for heating his metals. The kind most commonly used by the general smiths is such as can be seen in small villages or where the ordinary class of blacksmithing is done. (See Fig. 1.)
Forges are usually built of brick; in form they are square or rectangular, and generally extend out from a side wall of the shop. The chimney is built up from the middle of the left side and is provided with a hood _B_, which projects over the fire sufficiently to catch the smoke and convey it to the flue.
The fire is kindled on the hearth _A_ under the hood and over the tuyère iron. This iron, the terminal of the blast pipe that leads from the bellows _E_, is made in various forms and of cast iron; sometimes it has a large opening at the bottom, but often it has none.
The bellows are operated by the lever _F_, which expands the sides and forces air through the tuyère iron, thereby causing the fire to burn freely and creating a temperature sufficient for heating the metals.