Emile Armet de Lisle (1853–1928) was a French industrialist and chemist who helped develop the French radium industry in the early 20th century. Around the turn of the century, Armet de Lisle began to take notice of a growing market for radium products in France. Seeking to take advantage of this opportunity and leave his own mark on the family business, de Lisle established a new factory, just outside Paris, devoted to the production of radium products in 1904. This was the first radium factory in the world.
De Lisle's business was responsible for supplying the radioactive material needed by local scientists and institutions working on problems and applications of radioactivity. Among his partners was Marie Curie, whose laboratory received substantial radium material and other kinds of support from de Lisle's business. By partnering with scientists and medical professionals, de Lisle played an important role in building a burgeoning commercial enterprise around the production of radium and the study and use of radioactivity in general.
Early life and Sels de Radium
Emile Armet de Lisle was born in 1853 in France, the son of a chemical industrialist who owned a quinine plant near Paris at Nogent-sur-Marne. During his time as a student, de Lisle focused his studies on chemistry, and eventually he returned to work under his father in the family quinine business.
For some time, Armet de Lisle worked as a consultant for Marie and Pierre Curie. The Curies had developed a method for extracting radium compounds from pitchblende (a radioactive ore), but the outlook of the procedure, called "fractional crystallization," was poor. Even with an abundance of pitchblende, only very minute amounts of usable radium could realistically be harvested through the tedious procedure. In 1904, de Lisle, realizing that such a process would likely benefit considerably from an industrial scale-up and believing that there was a potentially lucrative market for radium materials in light of possible applications to medicine, began his own business venture with the creation of Sels de Radium (“Radium Salts”). Sels de Radium, established near the family quinine plant at Nogent-sur-Marne, was dedicated to the manufacture of radium salts, and related products, using the Curie method. This included the development of devices that were used to ship the radium, or actually harness its radiation in a laboratory setting. It was the first such factory in the world. It operated initially with domestic ores, but de Lisle, confronted with the scarcity of such ores, eventually began to import a wide variety of ores including pitchblende, pyromorphite, and thorianite from foreign markets including Hungary, Canada and the United States.
Ties with the Curies and expanding the business
Among de Lisle's most important clients were the Curies. The ties between de Lisle and the Curies were mutually beneficial. The Curies, for their part, had affordable access to de Lisle's products, factory floor, and organizational resources. For example, Marie Curie's 1907 measurement of the atomic weight of radium was performed with a substantial amount of radium that had been supplied directly by de Lisle's factory. In 1908, Curie herself requested laboratory space in de Lisle's factory for expanding her own chemical work, a request which de Lisle granted. The Curies also gained office space in de Lisle's factory, part of an arrangement which served to help the Curies more effectively organize their work and manage the resources and proceedings of their own laboratory in Paris, the Laboratoire Curie. Meanwhile, the Curies vouched for the quality of de Lisle's products, and provided de Lisle with access to the intellectual and physical resources of the Laboratoire Curie. Specifically, de Lisle used researchers groomed at the Laboratoire as technicians to staff and operate his factory, and, understanding the influence and fame of the Curie name, marketed his radium products as being certified by the Curies themselves.
In 1913, with the Curies' partnership secured, de Lisle attempted an aggressive expansion of his radium business. The plan was centered around boosting production through the implementation of novel radium harvesting procedures developed and patented by Erich Ebler, a professor of chemistry at Heidelberg University, as a complement to Curie's own method. De Lisle enlisted the support of Curie for this project, inviting her to serve on a committee overseeing the technical aspects of the company. However, when doubts surfaced about Ebler's methods, the plan fell apart.