Events from the 1170s in England.
Incumbents
Monarch – Henry II
Events
1170
April – Inquest of Sheriffs: Henry II looks into the financial dealings of local officials. 14 June – Henry II has his 15-year-old son Henry the Young King crowned by Roger, Archbishop of York, as junior king and heir to the English throne. The coronation drives the Pope to allow the exiled Thomas Becket (whose privilege as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown monarchs has been infringed) to lay an interdict on England as punishment, and this threat forces Henry to negotiate with Becket. Sir William Marshal is appointed tutor-in-arms to Henry the Young King. 22 July – Becket controversy: Reconciliation between Henry II and Becket at Fréteval in Western France. 21 September – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: Following a siege, combined Anglo-Norman and Irish forces led by Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, seize the city of Dublin, forcing Ascall mac Ragnaill, last King of Dublin, into exile. November – Becket excommunicates three bishops. 1 December – Becket controversy: Henry II sends word that his conflict with Becket is at an end, and his lands will be restored. Becket returns to England, landing at Sandwich, Kent. 25 December – Becket preaches in Canterbury Cathedral. 29 December – murder of Thomas Becket by four of Henry II's knights – Reginald Fitzurse, Hugh de Morville, William de Tracy and Richard le Breton (who believe themselves to be carrying out the king's wishes) – inside Canterbury Cathedral, after his refusal to be arrested for breaking his agreement with Henry II. Earliest record of the making of Cheddar cheese in Somerset. 1171 16 October – Henry II lands in Ireland and declares himself Lord of Ireland. 1172 17 April – Henry leaves Ireland, having received the support of the Church for his claim. 21 May – in Avranches Cathedral, Henry II performs a ceremony of penance for the death of Becket, in return for a papal agreement to clear him of the murder. 27 August – formal marriage and coronation of Henry the Young King, son of Henry II, and Margaret of France by Rotrou (archbishop of Rouen) at Winchester Cathedral. 1173 21 February – canonisation of Thomas Becket; his tomb at Canterbury becomes a shrine and popular pilgrimage destination. March – Henry the Young King withdraws to the French court, marking the beginning of the Revolt of 1173–1174, a dispute between Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine and three of their sons over the territories they control. Eleanor is placed under de facto house arrest. William I of Scotland invades the North of England in support of the rebellion. 1174 7 April – Richard of Dover enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. 8 July – Henry the Young King and Eleanor of Aquitaine take ship for England from Barfleur. As soon as they disembark at Southampton, Eleanor is imprisoned in the care of Ralph fitzStephen, in which condition she remains until 1189. 12 July – Henry II does penance at Canterbury for the murder of Becket. 13 July – Battle of Alnwick: William I of Scotland is captured by Ranulf de Glanvill after attacking England in support of the revolt. 5 September – the choir of Canterbury Cathedral is destroyed by fire. 30 September – Treaty of Montlouis: the rebellion of Henry II's sons ends peacefully. 8 December – Treaty of Falaise signed between Henry II and William I of Scotland permits William's release in return for homage. Horse racing at Newmarket is first recorded, making it the earliest known racing venue of the post-classical era. 1175 Henry's son, Richard, begins to subjugate remaining rebels against English rule in Aquitaine. October – Treaty of Windsor: Henry II recognises Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair as High King of Ireland in return for payment of tribute. 1176 January – the Assize of Northampton passed, making criminal penalties more severe. Construction of the first stone-built London Bridge begins. 1177 May – Council of Oxford: Henry II grants Cork and Limerick to English barons, provides for the administration of Leinster and makes his son, John of England, Lord of Ireland. He also grants lordships in Shropshire to his brother-in-law, Prince Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd. 21 September – Pact of Ivry: Non-aggression treaty between England and France, which also lays the foundations for the Third Crusade. Byland Abbey is established on its final site in Yorkshire by the Cistercians. Abbas Benedictus becomes abbot of Peterborough. Possible date – Richard FitzNeal begins to write his treatise Dialogus de Scaccario ("Dialogue concerning the Exchequer"). 1178 Foundation of the first Carthusian abbey in England, at Witham in Somerset.