Citizens, their busy life, 161; independence, 177; laws passed in Norwich and Worcester to compel men to become, 190; age for taking up duties, 194; outnumbered by the unenfranchised classes in the towns, 196; distinguished from “natives” in Hereford, 318; _see_ Burgesses, Burghers
Clarence, Duke of, present from Canterbury to, 215
Clock-house, payments for, in Reading, 304
Cloth, altered conditions of production, 54; sold in London, _ib._, _note_ 1; taxes on, 81, _note_ 1; struggle for its free importation into Netherlands, 99, 100; undressed, its export forbidden, 110; terms of sale and finishing, granted to Henry VII. by Flanders, 113, _note_ 3; woollen, its export allowed to Portuguese, 121, _note_ 2; manufacture protected by government, 66, 67; attempt to confine its export to London, 69; dressing of, disputes about, 70; seal for sealing it, in Reading, 308; broad, 52; _see_ Trade
Cloth-workers, rivalry with wool-growers, 68
“Clothing, Great,” of Worcester, 138, _note_
Coal, its early use in London, 55, _note_ 1
Colchester, its condition, c. 1300, 14; progress in the 14th cent., _ib._, 15; burghers not to be appointed in any quest or assize outside the borough, 188, _note_ 2; Norwich system of government imitated by, 238, _note_ 2; gallows, 2, _note_; moot hall, 14; wool hall, _ib._
Commerce, treaties of, 66; government protection of, 66, 67; by sea, its early routes, 75-77; between England and the Baltic, 83; its two great routes, 83; in hands of foreign carriers, 83, 84; growth of private enterprise, 88, 89; transferred from foreign carrying vessels to those of English adventurers, 94; _see_ Trade, Treaties
Commons, House of, relation of boroughs to, 24; control over taxation, 25, _note_ 3; height of power in early 15th century, 26; petition for working of mines, 55, _note_ 1; _see_ Parliament
Communes, the Church hostile to the formation of, 279, _note_ 2; of France, contrast between their history and that of the English towns, 29-32
Communitas, its meaning, 167-168; early government, 169-171
Compass, its first recorded use in England, 107
Confederation, contrast between English boroughs and Continental towns as to, 384-385; of Cinque Ports, 386-99, 414-416
Constable, dispute about election of, in Reading, 304, 306; of the castle, his authority, 311-312