In all lithographic processes the titles and other marginal lettering can be and usually are transferred from type impressions to the printing stones. It is therefore unnecessary to letter such matter carefully on an original drawing that is made for lithographic reproduction, for appropriate faces of type will give better printed results than hand lettering.
Corrections can not be made on a stone or copper engraving as readily as on a drawing. If a stone engraver makes an error or if a change is required after his engraving is finished, the parts to be corrected must be scraped off and a new ground laid before the correction can be made. Sometimes he will engrave the parts corrected on another part of the original stone and transfer it to the printing stone. Corrections are made on copper plates by "hammering up" the plate from beneath, polishing off a new surface, and reengraving the part to be corrected.
The matter given in this appendix is much used in making geologic maps and other illustrations. The Greek alphabet and the groups of signs presented are given chiefly to show the correct formation of each letter and sign.
_Length of 1° of longitude measured along given parallels from the Equator to the poles._
[From U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1884, Appendix 6.]
Parallel of Statute | Parallel of Statute | Parallel of Statute latitude. miles. | latitude. miles. | latitude. miles. ----------------------+-----------------------+---------------------- 0 69.172 | 31 59.365 | 61 33.623 1 69.162 | 32 58.716 | 62 32.560 2 69.130 | 33 58.071 | 63 31.488 3 69.078 | 34 67.407 | 64 30.406 4 69.005 | 35 66.725 | 65 29.315 5 68.911 | 36 66.027 | 66 28.215 6 68.795 | 37 65.311 | 67 27.106 7 68.660 | 38 64.679 | 68 26.988 8 68.504 | 39 63.829 | 69 24.862 9 68.326 | 40 53.063 | 70 23.729 10 68.129 | 41 62.281 | 71 22.589 11 67.910 | 42 51.483 | 72 21.441 12 67.670 | 43 60.669 | 73 20.287 13 67.410 | 44 49.840 | 74 19.127 14 67.131 | 45 48.995 | 75 17.960 15 66.830 | 46 48.136 | 76 16.788 16 66.510 | 47 47.261 | 77 15.611 17 66.169 | 48 46.372 | 78 14.428 18 65.808 | 49 45.469 | 79 13.242 19 65.427 | 50 44.652 | 80 12.051 20 65.026 | 51 43.621 | 81 10.857 21 64.606 | 52 42.676 | 82 9.659 22 64.166 | 53 41.719 | 83 8.458 23 63.706 | 54 40.749 | 84 7.256 24 63.228 | 55 39.766 | 85 6.049 25 62.729 | 56 38.771 | 86 4.842 26 62.212 | 57 37.764 | 87 3.632 27 61.676 | 58 36.745 | 88 2.422 28 61.122 | 59 35.716 | 89 1.211 29 60.548 | 60 34.674 | 90 .000 30 59.956 | |