[39] _Annals of Agriculture_, chap. iv. p. 157.
[41] Cf. Burnley, _Wool and Wool-combing_, p. 417.
[42] Smith, _Memoirs of Wool_, vol. ii. p. 297.
[43] Ure, _History of the Cotton Manufacture_, vol. i. p. 224.
[44] James, _History of the Worsted Manufacture_, p. 323 (quoted Taylor, _The Modern Factory System_, p. 61).
[45] Baines, _History of the County Palatine of Lancashire_, vol. ii. p. 413.
[46] Ure, _History of Cotton Manufacture_, vol. i. p. 224, etc.
[47] Dr. Aikin, _History of Manchester_ (quoted Baines, p. 406).
[48] Taylor, _The Modern Factory System_, p. 69.
[49] _Economic History_, vol. ii. p. 237.
[51] _Report from the Committee on the Woollen Manufacture of England_, (1806).
[53] For an interesting account of the cunning devices of "factors" see Smith's _Memoirs of Wool_, vol. ii. p. 311, etc.
[54] Cf. Booth, _Labour and Life of the People_, vol. i. p. 486, etc.
[55] Toynbee, _Industrial Revolution_, p. 55.
[57] _Wealth of Nations_, Bk. V., chap. i., part 3.
THE ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE INDUSTRY.
§ 1. _A Machine differentiated from a Tool._ § 2. _Machinery in Relation to the Character of Human Labour._ § 3. _Contributions of Machinery to Productive Power._ § 4. _Main Factors in Development of Machine Industry._ § 5. _Importance of Cotton-trade in Machine Development._ § 6. _History refutes the "Heroic" Theory of Invention._ § 7. _Application of Machinery to other Textile Work._ § 8. _Reverse order of Development in Iron Trades._ § 9. _Leading Determinants in the General Application of Machinery and Steam-Motor._ § 10. _Order of Development of modern Industrial Methods in the several Countries--Natural, Racial, Political, Economic._
§ 1. It appears that in the earlier eighteenth century, while there existed examples of various types of industrial structure, the domestic system in its several phases may be regarded as the representative industrial form. The object of this chapter is to examine the nature of those changes in the mechanical arts which brought about the substitution of machine-industry conducted in factories or large workshops for the handicrafts conducted within the home or in small workshops, with the view of discovering the economic bearing of these changes.