Marriage in Cambodia is a social institution which structures Khmer society. The Khmer wedding, with its long history and rich symbolism, is also famous for its specific music, known as phleng kar.
The wedding usually lasts for a day and a half. It starts at the bride's home followed by a religious ceremony and exchange of ritual gifts. The garments worn are covered with jewelry as a mark of respect to the parents of bride and groom, and all the couple's relatives and friends are present. The parents offer blessings and the couple prays to the monks for a happy life. In theory, marriage is monogamic and for life.
History
Origin: symbolic reenactment of the legendary wedding of Preah Thong and Neang Neak
Cambodian brides and grooms reenact in each traditional Khmer wedding because wedding rituals symbolize the marriage of Preah Thaong and his bride Neang Neak. This explains many Khmer wedding customs, in which the groom carries the bride's scarf, symbolizing that he is from afar and is marrying into her family, in contrast to Indian wedding customs where the bride holds the groom's scarf. The bride and groom wear garments decorated with jewelry and are surrounded by family and guests. The couple's garments are a sign of respect to their parents and parents-in-law, both of whom offer their blessings to the couple.
Development of the Khmer wedding rite
Across centuries, the Cambodian rite of marriage developed and integrated various elements which reflect its long history.
Ethnological study of the Khmer wedding
The earliest academic reference to wedding rites in Cambodia was made by French ethnologist Paul Pelliot of the French School of the Far East in 1903 with accounts of customs in the thirteenth century by Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan.
The first extensive description of the Khmer wedding was published in 1920 by French colonialist Arthur Daguin.
In 1965, Venerable Nhiek Nou, a monk of the Dhammayut order, published a booklet entitled Kpuon Abah-bibah or the Treaty concerning Marriage. It contains four parts, the first two pertaining with the rituals of Khmer weddings for the royal family as for the commoners. It also reprimanded younger generations for adopting Western traditions during the celebration of weddings in Cambodia.
Khmers Rouges: the tragedy of forced marriages
During the Civil War in Cambodia, a Cambodian wedding party was mistakenly razed by B-52s. It was the beginning of a tragic period of Khmer weddings.
The Khmer Rouge divided families and separated the men from the women. The father, mother, and children frequently were separated for many months. A man and woman often did not have time to consummate a marriage, and sexual relations were limited by long separations. Extramarital relations and even flirtations between young people were heavily punished.
Descriptions of newlywed couples being spied on by secret soldiers on their wedding night to ensure sexual intercourse has been recorded.
The modern Khmer wedding
Since the 1990s, although many Cambodians insist that the proper Khmer wedding ceremony should be a three-day event, most Khmer weddings in Phnom Penh are held on a single day. Because of this simplification, a large proportion of the traditional music which used to accompany the celebration has fallen out of use or been completely lost.
Some have been critical of the current trend of exaggerated expenses of Khmer people, especially in the Khmer diaspora, with the belief of the wedding's success being determined monetarily.
Ritual
Royal wedding
Members of the royal family and dignitaries of the palace and their children are entitled to this type of wedding of ancient tradition. The ceremony set of rules dictated by a Royal Ordinance promulgated on March 14, 1909. The main feature was the royal blessing which the King offered to the newlyweds in their fanciest attire by pouring blessed water and throwing flower petals at them.
The royal weddings were a three-day event that took place within the walls of the Royal Palace. On the first day, 19 monks, reminiscent of the 19 souls in the Khmer tradition, were invited to celebrate the paritta before offerings were made to the spirits and the popil were rotated. A banquet was then organized in the Palace gardens. On the second day, the King would extend his blessing with Brahmanical holy water after the spouses protestrated themselves three times before his majesty. The bakus would sound their conch horns in celebration.