=70. S Hook.=—Fig. 50. Drawing and bending. Material required: 5 inches of 1/4-inch round iron.
Draw 1/2 inch of each end to a smooth, round point; this should make the length from point to point 6-1/4 inches, and the central portion for 4 inches should be full-sized 1/4-inch round. Using half of the entire length, bend the first hook to an inside diameter of 7/8 inch, then bend the remaining half in the opposite direction to the same diameter, bringing both points directly toward each other, as shown. When heating for bending, be careful to avoid burning the points. (See Fig. 50 for dimensions and stages.)
[Illustration: FIG. 50.—STEPS IN MAKING AN S HOOK.]
=71. Pipe Hook.=—Fig. 51. Upsetting, forging, and bending. Material required: 9 inches of 1/2-inch square. Norway iron or soft steel is best for this exercise.
(_Caution._ To avoid injuring the fiber of the metal and to upset it rapidly with the least amount of labor, always have the metal perfectly straight, and heat it only where the upsetting is required.)
Bring 4 inches of the central portion of the material to a white heat; if the heat extends beyond that distance, cool 2-1/2 inches of each end, then the upsetting will be confined to the desired place. Cool the ends quickly and thoroughly, so that the upsetting blows may be delivered before the heat has vanished. The material should be held vertically with the lower end resting on the anvil, while heavy blows are delivered on the top end, thus upsetting the heated metal.
[Illustration: FIG. 51.—STEPS IN MAKING A PIPE HOOK.]
These operations should be repeated until the center is 7/8 inch thick one way, with all excess metal forged on one side, as at _a_, and the three others perfectly straight. Now form a shoulder _b_, with overhanging blows, about 1/8 of an inch from the center or thickest portion, but draw it no smaller than 5/16 of an inch at the bottom. Then draw the metal marked _c_ to an approximate dimension of 1/2 × 5/16 inch. Form this shoulder perfectly square, by holding it over a square corner of the anvil and delivering backing-up blows on the heavy end, while the drawn part rests flat on the anvil; the metal should be hot at the shoulder and cold on the end where the blows are to be delivered. Then use the flatter on the drawn end to smooth and draw it to the finished dimensions of 1/2 × 1/4 inch, making it perfectly smooth and straight on all sides. Cut off this drawn end 6 inches from the shoulder, as shown at _d_.